dysmenorrhoea

Primary dysmenorrhoea


The risk factors for primary dysmenorrhoea include:
• duration of menstrual flow of > 5 days,
• younger than normal age at menarche,
• cigarette smoking.


There is some evidence to support the assertion
that dysmenorrhoea improves after childbirth, and it
also appears to decline with increasing age.


Secondary dysmenorrhoea

Secondary dysmenorrhoea may be a symptom of:
• endometriosis
• pelvic inflammatory disease
• adenomyosis
• Asherman's syndrome
• (rarely) cervical stenosis.