causes of miscarriage

dysmenorrhoea

Primary dysmenorrhoea


The risk factors for primary dysmenorrhoea include:
• duration of menstrual flow of > 5 days,
• younger than normal age at menarche,
• cigarette smoking.


There is some evidence to support the assertion
that dysmenorrhoea improves after childbirth, and it
also appears to decline with increasing age.


Secondary dysmenorrhoea

Secondary dysmenorrhoea may be a symptom of:
• endometriosis
• pelvic inflammatory disease
• adenomyosis
• Asherman's syndrome
• (rarely) cervical stenosis.

endometrial cancer

FIGO staging classification for cervical cancer

links

http://academicobgyn.com/2009/09/17/surgical-video-bartholins-cyst-marsupialization/
http://www.metromaternity.com/D&C.html

Bartholin's abscess

http://www.atlasofpelvicsurgery.com/1VulvaandIntroitus/3bartholinsglandcyst/chap1sec3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barthonlincyst2011.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholin's_cyst




Bartholin's abscess


Bartholin's glands are situated on either side of the
vagina, opening into the vestibule.

Cysts can develop
if the opening becomes blocked; these present as
painless swellings.

If they become infected, a Bartholin's
abscess develops.

Examination reveals a hot, tender abscess adjacent to the lower part of the vagina.

Surgical treatment is required. This is usually done by
marsupialization.

Culture may yield a variety of
organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, streptococci,
staphylococci, mixed anaerobic organisms or
Escherichia coli.

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Hyperemesis gravidarum

Nausea and vomiting are often most pronounced in
the first trimester, but by no means confined to it, and
are also erroneously referred to as morning sickness.
It is worse in a molar or multiple gestation and is
probably related to high circulating human chorionic
gonadotrophin (hCG) levels. 


Severe symptoms may
lead to Mallory-Weiss tears, haematemesis, dehydration
and even malnutrition. 


In this situation, admission
to hospital is mandatory and anti-emetics such as
metoclopramide or prochlorperazine are given on a
regular basis. 


In addition, intravenous hydration
support should be administered as long as the woman
is vomiting. 


In the severest cases, total parenteral
nutrition (TPN) is given, and parenteral B complex
vitamins including thiamine are reported to reduce
the mortality of the condition. 


A tapering course of
steroids has been used with encouraging results in
uncontrolled studies. 


In the very worst cases, term in -
ation of pregnancy may be considered if the mother is
becoming malnourished and dehydrated.